Alkaloids Case Study Essay

Alkaloids are the most assorted gathering of optional metabolites and more than 5000 mixes are known. They are most usually experienced in the plant realm, yet agents have been confined from most different requests of life forms going from growths to warm blooded creatures. For a considerable length of time, there has been enthusiasm for their pharmacological exercises, and for quite a while chose plant items (containing alkaloids) have been utilized as toxic substances for chasing, murder, willful extermination, an euphoriants, hallucinogenics, and energizers (for example morphine and cocaine) or as prescriptions (for example ephedrine). A significant number of our advanced medications currently contain a similar compound or manufactured analogs, and the pharmacological and toxicological properties of these mixes are in this way of huge intrigue and significance. Very nearly two centuries have slipped by since Serturner detached the primary natural base unmistakably perceived all things considered, a crystalline substance that he got from the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, and called morphine. The name alkaloid is applied to the individuals from a class of normal results of essential nature, and is gotten from the name â€Å"vegetable alkali† first applied to these substances. They all owe their fundamental nature to an amino nitrogen. It is more troublesome than from the start may should characterize the term alkaloid. The work was instituted in 1818 by Meissner and infers a compound like an antacid, alluding to the fundamental properties of this class of substance. Meyer’s Konversations-Lexikon of 1896 states, â€Å"Alkaloids (plant bases) happen typically in plants and are as often as possible recognized by their wonderful physiological action. They contain carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen and by and large oxygen also; as a r ule they take after the alkalis†. Present day word reference definitions just vary in minor subtleties from those of the more seasoned nontechnical writing. A definition due to Pelletier in 1982 incorporates cyclic nitrogen-containing atoms which are genuine auxiliary metabolites (for example of constrained event and created by living beings. Basic non-cyclic subordinates of smelling salts and basic amines are therefore rejected, and the extra prerequisite, that the nitrogen molecule must have a negative oxidation state, bars nitro and nitroso mixes. With respect to other normal items, no uniform arrangement of classification has so far been formulated for alkaloids. Much of the time the name of the alkaloid has been gotten from the plant name. Subsequently, papaverine was called after the Papaver species from which it was detached. The names cocaine (from Erythoxylum coca) and atropine (from Atropa belladonna) are different models. Every now and again a few alkaloids are gotten from a similar plant, and the names formulated for them will rely upon the motivation of the regular items physicist who disengaged them. Alkaloids as a class have intrigued natural scientific experts mostly because of their physiological activity on the creature life form, and somewhat by virtue of the complex basic and synthetical riddles that they present. The science of the alkaloids is nevertheless a part of the wide science of nitrogenous heterocyclic mixes, yet the strategies by which the structures of individual bases are found from degradative proof and affirmed by absolute blend are run of the mill of the techniques applied for these reasons entire field the science of characteristic items are illustrative of the general major standards of natural science. Auxiliary sorts Alkaloids are generally grouped by the amino acids (or their subordinates) from which they emerge. In this way, the most significant classes are gotten from the accompanying Amino acids: * Ornithine and Lysine * Aromatic amino corrosive phenylalanine and tyrosine * Tryptophan and a moiety of mevalonoid birthplace Likewise various mixes are additionally gotten from: * Anthranilic corrosive * Nicotinic corrosive This characterization notwithstanding, neglects to incorporate the alkaloids got from a polyketide or a terpenoid, with the fuse of a nitrogen molecule, at last from alkali. Models are Conine and batrachotoxin which are regularly known as ‘pseudoalkaloids’. Different mixes secured by Pelletier’s definition additionally exist. Models are the anti-infection cycloserine, mitomycin C, mushroom poison muscimol and the purine alkaloids, for example, caffeine. There is another order of the alkaloids as per the area of the nitrogen molecule in certain auxiliary highlights: 1. Heterocyclic alkaloids 2. Alkaloids with exocyclic nitrogen and aliphatic amines 3. Putrescine, spermidine and spermine alkaloids 4. Peptide alkaloids 5. Terpene and steroidal alkaloids Characterizing the entire scope of alkaloids as per this framework bring about them being splitting them inconsistent as the incredible greater part fall into the heterocyclis gathering and the littlest gathering is the putrescine, spermidine and spermine alkaloids. Event Of the in excess of 5000 alkaloids known, most happen in blooming plants, despite the fact that the dissemination is a long way from uniform. Therefore, albeit 40% of all plant families have in any event one animal categories containing alkaloids, when the 10000 plant genera are thought of, just about 9% of these have been appeared to deliver alkaloids. Expanding quantities of alkaloids have been separated from creatures, creepy crawlies, and microorganisms. Albeit mammalian alkaloids are uncommon, two models are (- )- castoramine (a) from the Canadian beaver; and muscopyridine (b) from the musk deer. Both compound have a job in correspondence as regional marker substances. Creepy crawlies produce an assortment of auxiliary sorts which incorporate the 2,6-dialkylpiperidines of the fire subterranean insect (c), the tricyclic N-oxides of the ladybird (d) and the quinazolines of the European milliped (e). Tese mixes are utilized for safeguard. During the most recent three decades Marine living beings have been researched. Among the alkaloids are the exceedingly intricate Saxitoxin (f) created by a red hued dinoflagellate. The ‘red tides’ contain mass conglomerations of such life forms, and food contamination when he harmful alkaloids are passed along the natural way of life to man. The Japanese puffer fish is exceptionally esteemed as a culinary delicacy, yet it is perilous in light of the fact that its liver and ovaries contain the profoundly poisonous tetrodotoxin. Growths additionally produce alkaloids, and these as well, present possible risks as food contaminants. The ergot alkaloids, for instance, Chanoclavine (g) delivered by the organism Claviceps purpurea, were an incessant soure of hopelessness and demise during the Middle Ages through the sullying of rye bread. A portion of these were neurotoxic while others caused vasocontriction. During the most recent 40 years the greater part of these non plant alkaloids have been confined and their structures clarified. The presentation of current chromatographic and spectroscopic strategies encouraged this. Confinement Work on the constitution of alkaloids is frequently introduced by the issue of their confinement from plant material or from deposits after monetarily significant constituents have been evacuated. The disengagement of every alkaloid is an individual issue there are an assortment of techniques which might be qualified for conventional position. There are not many plants which produce a solitary alkaloid so the principle issue is the detachment of blends. Numerous alkaloids are essential and happen as salts of 2-hydroxybutane-1, 4-dioic corrosive (malic corrosive), or of 1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxycyclohexane (quinic corrosive). They would thus be able to be removed into corrosive arrangement utilizing watery hydrochloric, tartaric, or citrus extracts. Nonpartisan alkaloids, for example, colchicines or piperine, which are in actuality amides, stay in the natural stage, while most different alkaloids are disconnected after basification and extraction into ethyl acetic acid derivation. Steam refining can be utilized likewise be utilized with low sub-atomic weight alkaloids; however perpetually sudsequent sanitization of the rough alkaloid blends is affected by chromatography utilizing silica or alumina, and afterward recrystallisation of the halfway filtered mixes from dissolvable frameworks like watery ethanol, methanol/chloroform, or methanol/CH3)2CO. Structure explanation Traditional period: The traditional period for auxiliary investigations on alkaloids was the nineteenth Century, however this could be reached out to the 1930’s (approach of x-beam crystallography) or even to the 1970’s (appearance of high goals NMR offices and present day techniques for mass spectroscopy. Two case accounts will be talked about, those of morphine and atropine. Opium has been utilized by man for a large number of years, so it isn't suprising that the significant dynamic ingedient, morphine, was the main alkaloid to be detached in unadulterated state (by Serturner in 1805). It was not until 1923 that Sir Robert Robinson set up the stucture of morphine. Concoction proof for the structure is as per the following: Standard indicated that the nitrogen molecule was completely subbed, and that the phenolic hydroxyl was available as it gave a positive FeCl3 test. Two hydoxyls were available as a diacetate and dibenzoate could be shaped. The two mixes contained one olefinic twofold bond as codeine retained one. It was discovered that a decreased phenanthrene with a two-carbon connect containing a tertiary nitrogen iota (with methyl as on substituent) was available, and the structure of morphine and codeine were first proposed in 1923 and 1925 individually by Robinson and Gulland. Combination of morphine was completed in 1956 by Gates. Atropine then again, isn't commonly a characteristic item yet emerges through racemisation of (- )- hyoscyamine (see (a) beneath) and sanitization, and is consequently ( )- hyoscyamine. (- )- hyoscyamine is the most well-known tropane alkaloid. In 1833 atropine was separated from Atropa belladonna. Hydrolysis with warm barium hydroxide arrangement created racemic tropic corrosive and tropine. Degradative examinations and afterward through combination found the structure of tropic corrosive: Comprehensive corruption of tropine, completed by Willstlter somewhere in the range of 1985 and 1901, gave proof to the bicyclic structure of tropine. The most generally u

Faulkners Light in August - Themes :: Light August Essays

Light in August - Themes  1. Bigotry  The Southern worry with racial personality is one of Light in August's focal subjects. At the point when individuals imagine that Joe Christmas has even a hint of dark family line, they treat him totally uniquely in contrast to the manner in which they treat white individuals. A large number of the characters in Light in August appear to be turned by their distraction with race. Joe Christmas, Joanna Burden, Nathaniel Burden, Doc Hines, and, at last, Percy Grimm are among these. In any case, even a considerable lot of the characters who don't share this craziness expect that treating blacks barbarically is worthy. The Jefferson sheriff, Watt Kennedy, appears to be a respectable man, yet he whips a haphazardly picked dark in a cross examination that was pointless in any case.  2. THE SOUTHERN PAST   Two of Light in August's five significant characters live in the shadow of their dead progenitors. In any case, you could decipher their connection to these progenitors in various manners. From one viewpoint, you could highlight an example of decay and state that the present doesn't satisfy the gallant long periods of days of old. Then again, you could state that the issues of the current originate from an inability to shake off the difficult grasp of the past. Here is the manner by which you could contend each perspective.  a. The Heroic Past  Gail Hightower's granddad was a powerful admirer of life, and his dad was a partner of his kindred people. Be that as it may, Hightower bombs the two his better half and his assembly and spends an incredible remainder cut off from others.  Despite the fact that Joanna Burden's ancestors were not initially from the South, their displacement to Jefferson makes them part of the Souths history as well. What's more, as Gail Hightower, Joanna analyzes severely to both her dad and granddad. They were defiant drifters and enthusiastic family men. She invests the vast majority of her energy in her home, feels achy to visit the family at whatever point she leaves Jefferson, and never weds or has kids.  b. The Burdensome Past  Gail Hightower's issues originate from his fixation on his granddad, who was not in any case worth this love. All things considered, he passed on taking chickens. In like manner, Joanna Burden is the survivor of the harsh religion and disparaging bigotry that her dad trained her and that he gained from his dad before him.

Books and Authors Recommended by Lorde

Books and Authors Recommended by Lorde With a poet for a mother and a pseudonym that echoes one of the great feminist authors, Ella Yelich-OConnor is as lit as it gets. Lorde, as we more commonly know her, has often cited literature as formative not only in her childhood, but adulthood too. At just twenty-one, Lordes reading tastes are varied and eruditeâ€"shes even referred to herself as a library girl in a Rolling Stone interview. Since the beginning of her career Ive made a note of her reading recommendationsâ€"from reddit, twitter, tumblr, and a plethora of interviewsâ€"and finally transcribed it from print to pixel so we can all become well-read witches like Lorde. Books Rookie Yearbook  by Tavi Gevinson:  Longtime reader of Rookie, Lorde is interviewed in Rookie Yearbook Three, where she shares not only some of her inspirations, but also insight into her songwriting process. Feed by M.T. Anderson: in her Rookie interview, Lorde talks about how she loved Feed as soon as she read it and consequently convinced her high school English Teacher to include it in the curriculum. Lincoln in the Bardo by George Saunders: Recently Lorde has tweeted about George Saunderss experimental novel Lincoln in the Bardo: my favourite page of 2017, from lincoln in the bardo ? pic.twitter.com/Q1cXYT4zGt Lorde (@lorde) October 17, 2017 A Lovers Discourse  by Roland Barthes: Lordes most recent album  Melodrama  comes in the wake of heartbreak, so its no wonder she feels personally attacked by Barthes most famous book. Too Much and Not the Mood by Durga Chew-Bose: a fresh collection of essays from a young author,  Too Much and Not the Mood  muses on identity, race, and femininity with lyrical wisdom. The Hunger Games Trilogy by Suzanne Collins: commissioned to curate the soundtrack for Mockingjay: Part 1, Lorde felt a kinship with Katniss and reread the entire series before creating the soundtrack. Authors Raymond Carver: one of the most influential American short story writers of the 21st century, Carvers stories show the power of minimalism in prose. Roald Dahl: well known for his childrens books, Roald Dahls short stories show the darker side of the author. Audre Lorde: I know Lordes name refers to a feminine form of the regal Lord, but I like to think that the serendipitous homage to self-described “black, lesbian, mother, warrior, poet” Audre Lorde is appreciated. Tobias Wolff: a short story writer, memoirist, and novelist whos interested in class (especially in the literary world) and fiction as a means to tell the truth through lies. Janet Frame: New Zealand author Janet Frame was a prolific writer whose career was overshadowed by public speculation on her mental health. Wells Tower: a contemporary American writer known for his collection of short stories  Everything Ravaged, Everything Burned.  Lorde read this collection when she was 13 and described it as the best collection she has ever read. Claire Vaye Watkins: writer for Granta, novelist, and short story writer Claire Vaye Watkinss writing toes the line between realism and surrealism. Junot Díaz:  Pulitzer Prize winner Junot  Díaz writes about adolescence, love, and betrayal with a poignancy Ive not found anywhere else. Kurt Vonnegut: an author that needs no introduction, Lorde speaks of Vonnegut when praising short fiction:  Short fiction appeals to me because of the necessity of concisenessâ€"that’s what writing songs is about, but times 20. I like people who can build something great and huge with a very limited amount of time or space. It’s difficult to do. Kurt Vonnegut is a good place to start if you haven’t read a lot of short fiction, because he’s fun and his humor is really black. J.D. Salinger: the king of misunderstood teens, Salingers Holden Caulfield has ideas about life and pretense that are echoed in Lordes debut album  Pure Heroine.   James Baldwin: writer and social activist who wrote about race, class, and sexuality well ahead of his time. Eleanor Catton:  Fellow New Zealander Eleanor Catton won the Man Booker Prize just two weeks after Lordes debut album came out, and I dont think theres anything better on the internet than this photo of Lorde and Eleanor reading in bed. Poets In an early interview with Black Magazine, Lorde cites poetry as an influence on her writing style: T.S. Eliot and  Walt Whitman  taught me the importance of using beautiful words occasionally, and  Sylvia Plath  taught me not to shy away from discomfort. Derek Walcott: Lyrics and poetry have so much in common, and Lordes melancholic ballad Liability shares a tone with Love After Love by Derek Walcott. durga sent me this beautiful derek walcott poem today shadows of liability in here i thought. rip pic.twitter.com/0VMsz1AiBX Lorde (@lorde) March 17, 2017 Keep the recommendations coming, Lorde, and if you ever want to start a book clubâ€"Im your girl.

Project Management Paper - 3364 Words

1. A ________________ is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result. a) b) c) d) Program Process Project Portfolio 2. Which of the following is not a potential advantage of using good project management? a) b) c) d) Shorter development times Higher worker morale Lower cost of capital Higher profit margins 3. Which of the following is not an attribute of a project? a) b) c) d) Projects are unique Projects are developed using progressive elaboration Projects have a primary customer or sponsor Projects involve little uncertainty 4. Which of the following is not part of the triple constraint of project management? a) b) c) d) Meeting scope goals Meeting time goals Meeting communications goals Meeting cost†¦show more content†¦Many people use ________________ to have a standard format for preparing various project management documents. a) Methodologies b) Templates c) Project management software d) Standards 23. What is the last step in the four – stage planning process for selecting information technology projects? a) b) c) d) Information technology strategy planning Business area analysis Project planning Resource allocation 24. A new government law requires an organization to report data in anew way. Under which category would a new information system project to provide this data fall? a) b) c) d) Problem Opportunity Directive Regulation 25. A __________________ is a document that formally recognizes the existence of a project and provides direction on the project’s objectives and management. a) b) c) d) Project charter Preliminary scope statement Business case Project management plan 4 IIBM Institute of Business Management Examination Paper – Project Management 26. ICOM model, which is one of the major roles of project manager, stand for a) b) c) d) Integrated Constraint of Mechanism Inputs, Outputs, Constraints Mechanism Inputs, Outputs, Constraints Money None 27. A _______________ often includes sensitive information, so it should not be part of the overall project plan for anyone to see. a) b) c) d) Business case Project charter Personnel chart Stakeholder analysis 28. Which of the following is not a suggestion for performing integrated change control? a) b)Show MoreRelatedProject Management Structure Paper862 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: PROJECT MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE PAPER Project Management Organizational Structures Paper University of Phoenix MGT 437- Project Management Roy Chuang December 2, 2012 Project Management Organizational Structures Paper A project organization is a framework of rules and regulations that companies use to facilitate the harmony and finishing point of project activities. 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What Pros Arent Saying About Extended Essay Samples and What It Means For You

What Pros Aren't Saying About Extended Essay Samples and What It Means For You Finding the Best Extended Essay Samples Therefore, if there's any reason why you cannot have your extended essay written on time yourself, all you have to do is place your order on our site, and leave the rest to us! If you want, highlight the critical words and phrases in the stimulus to have the ability to look at it from time to time to be sure you adhere to the topic. Have a look at each question carefully and take a small time to work out the topic and what type of answer is going to be expected. Your answers can help you determine any issues, so that you may then find methods to solve them. Doing this will at least give you a sense on how you are able to write about your subject of interest. If you've already decided on the most suitable topic of interest, be certain you include that while placing the purchase. Thus, in the event of trouble, everyone tends to search for the support of a close individual. In order to select the very best question the student should have some knowledge in this issue area. Extended Essay Samples - Dead or Alive? It makes an IB extended essay stick out from the remainder of the academic assignments. Our IB extended essay writing service is a totally free solution that will help you in formulating a proper research question. Extended essays may require a level of technicality. A lengthy essay is a kind of academic writing assignment, which success is dependent upon the structure. Employing extended essay examples are able to help you work out how to condense your essay in case you have exceeded your limit. Extended definition essay example is a kind of essay which supplies a thorough explanation of a term. Since the introduction has to be in tandem with the remainder of your essay, it isn't unusual for writers to finish the introduction once they have written the conclusion. If you don't have a topic we'll offer you an opportunity to select one from a collection of psychology extended essay topics that will be supplied by your writer. Now you have all of you research organized, you're prepared to begin writing your essay. Whether it's a psychology extended essay help which you want or not, speak to us first. To be able to excel in a lengthy essay, the student must strategize to be able to comprehensively compose a topic. Although some students have zero idea how to compose an IB extended essay, everybody can learn how to do it. Many students even search for protracted essay help in the beginning as they don't have any clue on how best to get started writing the essay. Say, by way of example, you're a high school student, and you should compose a 3-page essay. Consult your IB coordinator if you are not certain if you're on a particular timeline. Only seek out help in the region or areas in which you genuinely require help. You've got to narrow down the subject and pick a region that it is simple to address. Really nice and inspirational details on your website!'' If your school isn't one already, learn to turn into an IB World School so as to implement the DP. Although inventing the most suitable questions can be challenging, your supervisor can assist you in the approach. The s upervisor will subsequently specify a run of further internal deadlines and meetings for each student to guarantee the completion of the analysis in a timely fashion. Failing a long program will cost you more cash. It's also advisable to state (in clear terms), the major purpose of your writing, along with the range of the study. You should know about the methods of research so as to create an excellent result. In the event you want a bit more guidance on how to have an A EE. Whichever system you decide on, make sure you follow it consistently.

Effects of Music on the Growth of Mung Beans Free Essays

CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter presents the summary of finding the generalization of the conclusion and the recommendation for the further improvement of the study. I. Summary of Findings 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Music on the Growth of Mung Beans or any similar topic only for you Order Now Music affects the growth of Mung beans. As established in the experiment and based on the data gathered, music has a great effect on the growth of Mung beans. The varying degree of effect is dependent on the type or tempo of music to be played. 2. In general, music helps in the growth of plants. It hastens the growth of plants. As we conducted and observed our experiment, we noticed that classical music helps the Mung beans’ growth. Plants exposed to rock music grew slower than those exposed to classical music; however, they grew faster than those exposed to no music. 3. The growth of the green variety of Mung beans is faster than those of the yellow variety in any of the environment they were subjected to. II. Conclusions 1. Music affects the growth of Mung beans as we observed the set-ups. The different aspects that we have observed where music was involved were the plant’s height and the number of leaves produced. 2. Music helps the Mung beans’ growth and does not hinder their development. 3. Music, more specifically the classic music, has effects on the growth of Mung beans especially on the growth of the green variety. III. Recommendations 1. As we have proven through the data gathered that music hastens the growth of plants, we recommend promoting the use of music in planting and other agricultural activities. This can be done through discussions in the different fora to bring to the awareness of the authorities and the agricultural sector the benefits of music in planting. 2. We recommend that in the utilization of music for plant growing, you should use classical music in order for you to grow your plants faster. 3. We recommend that further study be conducted to validate the findings of this paper. How to cite Effects of Music on the Growth of Mung Beans, Papers

US Airlines Essays - Air Traffic Control, , Term Papers

US Airlines Deregulation of the U.S. airline industry has resulted in ticket prices dropping by a third, on an inflation-adjusted basis. As a result some 1.6 million people fly on 4,000 aircraft every day. Airlines carried 643 million passengers in 1998, a 25% increase over 1993 and the FAA estimates that the nations airline system will have to accommodate 917 million passengers by the year 2008. The growth in air travel threatens to overwhelm the presently inadequate air traffic control system, which has not kept pace with available technology in navigation, communications, and flight surveillance. Much of the equipment used for air traffic control today is based on fifty-year-old technology; for example, analog simplex voice links for communications and ground-based radar for surveillance, and VHF Omnidirectional Range/Distance Measuring Equipment (VOR/DME) for navigation. The lack of system automation imposes heavy workloads on human air traffic controllers and increases the risk of accidents in heavy traffic situations. Capacity limits are being reached in both airports and airspace, with congestion delays in departure and arrival schedules reaching record numbers. Funds to upgrade the air traffic control system are available in the trust fund created to receive the tax applied to airline passenger tickets and the tax on fuel for general aviation. The General Accounting Office says modernizing the air traffic control system will cost at least 17 billion for just the first 5 years of the FAAs 15-year National Airspace System improvement plan. It is the NAS that provides the services and infrastructure for air transportation. Air transportation represents 6% of the Nations gross domestic product, so the NAS is a critical element of our national economy. Given the size of the NAS, the task ahead is enormous. Our NAS includes more than 18,300 airports, 21 air route traffic control centers, over 460 air traffic control towers and 75 flight service stations, and approximately 4,500 air navigation facilities. The NAS spans the country, extends into the oceans, and interfaces with neighboring air traffic control systems for international flights. The NAS relies on approximately 30,000 FAA employees to provide air traffic control, flight service, security, and field maintenance services. More than 616,000 active pilots operating over 280,000 commercial, regional, general aviation and military aircraft use the NAS. On March 11, 1999, the FAA released the NAS Architecture Version 4.0 to the public. Key influences on the architecture include the 1996 White House Commission on Aviation Safety and Security, which recommended that the FAA accelerate modernization of the NAS, and the 1997 National Civil Aviation Review Commission, which recommended funding and performance management methods for implementing NAS modernization. It describes the agencys modernization strategy from 1998 through 2015. Based on the Free Flight operational concept, Version 4.0 contains capabilities, technologies, and systems to enhance the safety of the aviation system and provide users and service providers with more efficient services. Free Flight centers on allowing pilots, whenever practical, to choose the optimum flight profile. This concept of operations is expected to decrease user costs, improve airspace flexibility, and remove flight restrictions. The NAS Architecture is divided into three modernization phases and its implementation is being synchronized with the International Civil Aviation Organization to ensure interoperability and global integration. ?h Phase 1 (1998-2002) focuses on sustaining essential air traffic control services and delivering early user benefits. Free Flight Phase 1 will be implemented. Controller computer workstations will begin major upgrades. Satellite-based navigation systems will be deployed, and air-to-air surveillance will be introduced. The Year 2000 computer problem will hopefully be fixed. ?h Phase 2 (2003-2007) concentrates on deploying the next generation of communications, navigation and surveillance (CNS) equipment and the automation upgrades necessary to accommodate new CNS capabilities. Satellite-based navigation systems will be further augmented in local areas for more precise approaches. New digital radios that maximize the spectrum channels will be installed. As users equip, automatic dependent surveillance ground equipment will be installed to extend air traffic control surveillance services to non-radar areas. Tools from Phase 1 will be deployed throughout the NAS and upgraded as necessary. ?h Phase 3 (2008-2015) completes the required infrastructure and integration of automation advancements with the new CNS technologies, enabling additional Free Flight capabilities throughout the NAS. Two important features will be NAS-wide information sharing among users and service providers and four-dimensional flight profiles that utilize longitudinal and lateral positions and trajectories as a function of time. The goals for modernizing the NAS are based on improving: ?h Safety ?V such as better weather information in the cockpit and on controller displays. ?h Accessibility ?V such as instrument approaches to many more airports. ?h Flexibility ?V such as allowing